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According to Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, doublethink is: "To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that ...
Coping with the nuances of contradictory ideas or experiences is mentally stressful, as it requires energy and effort to sit with those seemingly opposite things that all seem true. Festinger argued that some people would inevitably resolve the dissonance by blindly believing whatever they wanted to believe.
The Banach–Tarski paradox: A ball can be decomposed and reassembled into two balls the same size as the original. Banach–Tarski paradox: A ball can be cut into a finite number of pieces and re-assembling the pieces will get two balls, each of equal size to the first. The von Neumann paradox is a two-dimensional version.
Because they are different features, to believe the object has both properties at the same time is to believe it has two contradictory properties. Since this is absurd, one must suspend judgment about what properties it possesses due to the contradictory experiences. (Empiricus:63)
The tendency for some people, especially those with depression, to overestimate the likelihood of negative things happening to them. (compare optimism bias) Present bias: The tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments. [111] Plant blindness
Such insight into the unity of things is a kind of immanence, and is found in various non-dualist and dualist traditions. The idea occurs in the traditions of Tantric Hinduism and Buddhism , in German mysticism , Zoroastrianism , Taoism , Zen and Sufism , among others.
“It means that I have an opportunity to contribute in some way to this experiment called America, drawing from a heritage I believe has benefits for everybody. I realize that given the popular perception of Muslims, that is a difficult thing to do. But I believe the American spirit of innovation and optimism allows me to take on that challenge.
Association fallacy (guilt by association and honor by association) – arguing that because two things share (or are implied to share) some property, they are the same. [94] Logic chopping fallacy (nit-picking, trivial objections) – Focusing on trivial details of an argument, rather than the main point of the argumentation. [95] [96]