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In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient, often leading to a net loss of economic value. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958, [ 4 ] but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry ...
In economics, coordination failure is a concept that can explain recessions through the failure of firms and other price setters to coordinate. [1] In an economic system with multiple equilibria, coordination failure occurs when a group of firms could achieve a more desirable equilibrium but fail to because they do not coordinate their decision making. [2]
In contract theory, mechanism design, and economics, an information asymmetry is a situation where one party has more or better information than the other. Information asymmetry creates an imbalance of power in transactions, which can sometimes cause the transactions to be inefficient, causing market failure in the worst case.
In law and economics, the Coase theorem (/ ˈ k oʊ s /) describes the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities.The theorem is significant because, if true, the conclusion is that it is possible for private individuals to make choices that can solve the problem of market externalities.
[9] [10] In the absence of direct externalities, simple contracts may solve the hold-up problem even when each party has private information about its valuation. [11] Maskin and Tirole (1999) argue that complex contracts can solve the hold-up problem when there are ex ante indescribable contingencies, and Hart and Moore (1999) argue that the ...
The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism" [1] is a widely cited seminal paper in the field of economics which explores the concept of asymmetric information in markets. The paper was written in 1970 by George Akerlof and published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics .
In economics, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources [a] do not pay for them [1] or under-pay. Free riders may overuse common pool resources by not paying for them, neither directly through fees or tolls, nor indirectly through taxes.
The VCG mechanism can be used to solve this problem. Here, X {\displaystyle X} is the set of all possible paths; the goal is to select a path x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} with minimal total cost. The value of an agent, v i ( x ) {\displaystyle v_{i}(x)} , is minus the time it spent on the message: it is negative if i ∈ x {\displaystyle i\in ...