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On 8 September 2014, NASA reported finding evidence of plate tectonics on Europa, a satellite of Jupiter—the first sign of subduction activity on another world other than Earth. [110] Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, was reported to show tectonic activity in images taken by the Huygens probe, which landed on Titan on January 14, 2005. [111]
During the 17th century, Nicolas Steno was the first to observe and propose a number of basic principles of historical geology, including three key stratigraphic principles: the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, and the principle of lateral continuity.
Publications in generations after the event reflected on how the Plate Tectonics Revolution was an early example of data science. [5] One commentator claimed that the plate tectonics theory became popular and established a revolution in culture even before scientists could confirm some of the claims for which evidence was lacking. [6]
The theory of continental drift has since been validated and incorporated into the science of plate tectonics, which studies the movement of the continents as they ride on plates of the Earth's lithosphere. [2] The speculation that continents might have "drifted" was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596.
Oceanic and continental crusts are, at the present day, produced and maintained through plate tectonic processes. However, the same mechanisms are unlikely to have produced the crustal dichotomy of the early lithosphere. This is thought to be true on the basis that sections of the thin, low density continental lithosphere thought to have ...
The model displayed remnants of submerged plates located under oceans and in the middle of continents, which—according to our current understanding of the plate tectonic cycle—are all too far ...
The Earth of the early Archean may have had a different tectonic style. It is widely believed that the early Earth was dominated by vertical tectonic processes, such as stagnant lid , [ 19 ] [ 20 ] heat-pipe , [ 21 ] or sagduction , [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] which eventually transitioned to plate tectonics during the planet's mid-stage evolution.
James Hutton FRSE (/ ˈ h ʌ t ən /; 3 June O.S. [1] 1726 – 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, agriculturalist, chemical manufacturer, naturalist and physician. [2] Often referred to as the "Father of Modern Geology," [3] [4] he played a key role in establishing geology as a modern science.