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The diagnosis may be suspected when there is acidosis or an increased osmol gap and confirmed by directly measuring blood levels. [1] [2] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include infections, exposure to other toxic alcohols, serotonin syndrome, and diabetic ketoacidosis. [2] Early treatment increases the chance of a good outcome.
Severity of symptoms is directly correlated with severity of hyponatremia and rapidness of onset. [3] General symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, confusion, agitation, and weakness. [14] [3] More concerning symptoms involve the central nervous system and include seizures, coma, and death due to brain herniation.
Other potential symptoms include: nausea and vomiting, a decreased level of consciousness, and breathing difficulties. [2] Symptoms usually begin within 6 hours of taking the medication by mouth. [2] With extended release formulations symptoms may not occur for up to a day. [2] Seizures are rare in adults but in children occur more often. [2]
The signs and symptoms of refeeding syndrome can vary based on the severity of electrolyte disturbances, including weakness, arrhythmias, and respiratory difficulty. Hypophosphatemia, a key feature of refeeding syndrome, may lead to muscle weakness, heart failure, and impaired diaphragmatic function, while hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia can ...
“Working in a pretty intense environment, living in the city and being an adult for the first time was doing a number on my body,” the 27-year-old said of her diagnosis five years ago.
Symptoms are not specific, and diagnosis can be difficult unless patients present with clear indications for blood gas sampling. Symptoms may include palpitations, headache, altered mental status such as severe anxiety due to hypoxia, decreased visual acuity, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, altered appetite and weight gain, muscle weakness, bone pain, and joint pain.
There’s currently no approved vaccine for norovirus, although Moderna has begun a phase three trial in the U.S. for a vaccine using mRNA technology and aims to test it in 25,000 adults worldwide.
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