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If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues. [96] This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis. [97]
In addition, between 1851 and 1910, around four million died from TB in England and Wales – more than one third of those aged 15 to 34 and half of those aged 20 to 24 died from TB. [62] By the late 19th century, 70–90% of the urban populations of Europe and North America were infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and about 80% of ...
Also, the IGRA is more specific to TB rather than other types of mycobacterial infections and is unlikely to be positive as a result of having BCG vaccine in the past, a vaccine that protects against TB. And this is a pretty useful feature of IGRAs, since BCG vaccine is given to many children around the world to prevent disseminated TB.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. [1] [2] First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid.
Children have special needs both in preventing and treating tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is one of India's major public health problems. According to World Health Organization estimates, India has the world's largest tuberculosis epidemic. [5] In 2020, India accounted for 26% of the incident TB cases across the globe.
2006: Actions for life – Towards a world free of TB; 2007: TB anywhere is TB everywhere; 2008–2009: I am stopping TB; 2010: Innovate to accelerate action; 2011: Transforming the fight towards elimination; 2012: Call for a world free of TB; 2013: Stop TB in my lifetime; 2014: Reach the three million: A TB test, treatment and cure for all
In 2014, the World Health Organization launched the End TB Strategy with the goal of reducing tuberculosis deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% before 2035. [2] As of 2020, the world was not on track to meet those goals. [10]
The risk of developing TB is estimated to be between 20 and 37 times greater in people living with HIV than among those without HIV infection. TB is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV. [13] In 2009, there were 9.4 million new cases of TB, of which 1.2 (13%) million were among people living with HIV.