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The Debye–Hückel theory was proposed by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel as a theoretical explanation for departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas. [1] It is a linearized Poisson–Boltzmann model, which assumes an extremely simplified model of electrolyte solution but nevertheless gave accurate predictions of mean activity coefficients for ions in dilute solution.
A Debye sphere is a volume whose radius is the Debye length. Debye length is an important parameter in plasma physics , electrolytes , and colloids ( DLVO theory ). The Debye length for a plasma consisting of particles with density n {\displaystyle n} , charge q {\displaystyle q} , and temperature T {\displaystyle T} is given by λ D 2 = ϵ 0 k ...
This law is valid for low electrolyte concentrations only; it fits into the Debye–Hückel–Onsager equation. [6] For weak electrolytes (i.e. incompletely dissociated electrolytes), however, the molar conductivity strongly depends on concentration: The more dilute a solution, the greater its molar conductivity, due to increased ionic ...
Initial salting in at low concentrations is explained by the Debye–Huckel theory. Proteins are surrounded by the salt counterions (ions of opposite net charge) and this screening results in decreasing electrostatic free energy of the protein and increasing activity of the solvent, which in turn leads to increasing solubility. This theory ...
Both Kohlrausch's law and the Debye–Hückel–Onsager equation break down as the concentration of the electrolyte increases above a certain value. The reason for this is that as concentration increases the average distance between cation and anion decreases, so that there is more interactions between close ions.
AA’s meetings, with their folding chairs and donated coffee, were intended as a judgment-free space for addicts to talk about their problems. Treatment facilities were designed for discipline. Something else has been lost with the institutionalization of the 12 steps over the years: Bill Wilson’s openness to medical intervention.
It is based on the classic theory of polar liquids, as developed by Peter Debye and corrected by Lars Onsager to incorporate reaction field effects. The model can be combined with quantum chemical calculations to formally derive a continuum model of solvent effects suitable for computer simulations of small and large molecular systems.
Such medication-assisted treatment (known as MAT) has proven to lower overdose rates. But the U.S. drug treatment system — which is mostly a hodgepodge of abstinence-only and 12-step-based facilities that resemble either minimum-security prisons or tropical spas — has for the most part ignored the medical science and been slow to embrace ...