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Elam (/ ˈ iː l ə m /) [a] was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the ...
It is thought that terms like mar.tu were used to represent what we now call the Amorites: . In two Sumerian literary compositions written long afterward in the Old Babylonian period, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird, the Early Dynastic ruler of Uruk Enmerkar (listed in the Sumerian King List) mentions "the land of the mar.tu".
Elam as a personal name also refers to other figures appearing in the Hebrew Bible: Elam is a son of Shashak of the tribe of Benjamin in 1 Chronicles 8:24 . Elam is the son of Meshelemiah, a Levite of the family of Kohath in 1 Chronicles 26:3. Elam is the ancestor of a family that returned with Zerubbabel in Ezra 2:1-2,7.
Elam was absorbed into the Assyrian Empire in the 9th to 7th centuries BC; however, the civilization endured up until 539 BC when it was finally overrun by the Iranian Persians. The Proto-Elamite civilization existed from c. 3200 BC to 2700 BC , when Susa, the later capital of the Elamites, began to receive influence from the cultures of the ...
From the 15th century BC, Elamite rulers at Susa began using the title "King of Anshan and Susa" (in Akkadian texts, the toponyms are reversed, as "King of Susa and Anshan"), [8] and it seems probable that Anshan and Susa were in fact unified for much of the "Middle Elamite period". The last king to claim this title was Shutruk-Nahhunte II (ca ...
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The eventual collapse of the Kassite dynasty, and end of the Middle Babylonian period, came in two successive invasions by the Assyrians and Elamites. [12] In 1158 BC the Assyrians invaded Babylonia, which was subsequently followed in the same year by an Elamite invasion. [ 12 ]
400: Ancestral Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest weave extraordinarily long nets for trapping small animals and make yucca fibers into large sacks and bags. 500: Late Basketmaker II Era phase of Ancestral Pueblo culture diminishes in the American Southwest. 700: Basketmaker III Era of the American Southwest evolve into the early Pueblo ...