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Musical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which ...
In mass communication, the Hierarchy of Influences, formally known as the Hierarchical Influences Model, is an organized theoretical framework introduced by Pamela Shoemaker & Stephen D. Reese. It comprises five levels of influence on media content from the macro to micro levels: social systems, social institutions, media organizations, routine ...
Leonard Meyer's Emotion and Meaning in Music [38] is the classic text in music expectation. [citation needed] Meyer's starting point is the belief that the experience of music (as a listener) is derived from one's emotions and feelings about the music, which themselves are a function of relationships within the music itself. Meyer writes that ...
Meyer used this basis to form a theory about music, combining musical expectations in a specific cultural context with emotion and meaning elicited. [1] His work went on to influence theorists both in and outside music, as well as providing a basis for cognitive psychology research into music and our responses to it.
Transformational theory is a branch of music theory developed by David Lewin in the 1980s, and formally introduced in his 1987 work, Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations. The theory, which models musical transformations as elements of a mathematical group, can be used to analyze both tonal and atonal music.
In music, tension is the anticipation music creates in a listener's mind for relaxation or release. For example, tension may be produced through reiteration, increase in dynamic level, gradual motion to a higher or lower pitch, or (partial) syncopations between consonance and dissonance.
Period built of two five-bar phrases in Haydn's Feldpartita in B ♭, Hob. II:12. [1] Diagram of a period consisting of two phrases [2] [3] [4]. In music theory, a phrase (Greek: φράση) is a unit of musical meter that has a complete musical sense of its own, [5] built from figures, motifs, and cells, and combining to form melodies, periods and larger sections.
According to Andranik Tangian, [7] analytical phrasing can be quite subjective, the only point is that it should follow a certain logic. For example, Webern’s Klangfarbenmelodie-styled orchestral arrangement of Ricercar from Bach’s Musical offering demonstrates Webern’s analytical phrasing of the theme, which is quite subjective on the one hand but, on the other hand, logically consistent: