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Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. [3] [4] It is administered orally for constipation, and either orally or rectally for hepatic encephalopathy. [3] It generally begins working after 8–12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation. [1] [2]
They are used to treat and prevent constipation. Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant , lubricant , and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas under certain circumstances.
Constipation is more concerning when there is weight loss or anemia, blood is present in the stool, there is a history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer in a person's family, or it is of new onset in someone who is older. [12] Treatment of constipation depends on the underlying cause and the duration that it has been present. [4]
Comorbid symptoms such as headache may also be present, especially in children. Functional constipation is diagnosed using the Rome criteria, a consensus of experts. The criteria include over 25% of defecations involving straining, 25% resulting in lumpy or hard stools, 25% requiring partial evacuation, 25% experiencing anorectal blockage or ...
When examining the cost-effectiveness of statin use in older adults, the researchers report that statins were cost-effective, with the cost per quality-adjusted life years gained below £3,502 ...
It is estimated that approximately a third of patients complaining of constipation have the ODS subtype, which is more than slow transit constipation. [5] According to another source, ODS accounts for about 60% of all chronic constipation cases. [65] Some reported or estimated figures include: 7% of adults. [37] 10–20% of adults. [9]
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