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The theorem is named after Paolo Ruffini, who made an incomplete proof in 1799 [1] (which was refined and completed in 1813 [2] and accepted by Cauchy) and Niels Henrik Abel, who provided a proof in 1824. [3] [4] Abel–Ruffini theorem refers also to the slightly stronger result that there are equations of degree five and higher that cannot be ...
However, there is no algebraic expression (that is, in terms of radicals) for the solutions of general quintic equations over the rationals; this statement is known as the Abel–Ruffini theorem, first asserted in 1799 and completely proven in 1824. This result also holds for equations of higher degree.
As a rough rule of thumb, 100 pages in 1900, or 200 pages in 1950, or 500 pages in 2000 is unusually long for a proof. 1799 The Abel–Ruffini theorem was nearly proved by Paolo Ruffini, but his proof, spanning 500 pages, was mostly ignored and later, in 1824, Niels Henrik Abel published a proof that required just six pages.
The Abel–Ruffini theorem provides a counterexample proving that there are polynomial equations for which such a formula cannot exist. Galois' theory provides a much more complete answer to this question, by explaining why it is possible to solve some equations, including all those of degree four or lower, in the above manner, and why it is ...
The proof that this was the highest order general polynomial for which such solutions could be found was first given in the Abel–Ruffini theorem in 1824, proving that all attempts at solving the higher order polynomials would be futile.
Summation by parts is frequently used to prove Abel's theorem and Dirichlet's test. One can also use this technique to prove Abel's test: If is a convergent series, and a bounded monotone sequence, then = = converges. Proof of Abel's test.
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Abel sent a paper on the unsolvability of the quintic equation to Carl Friedrich Gauss, who proceeded to discard without a glance what he believed to be the worthless work of a crank. [12] As a 16-year-old, Abel gave a rigorous proof of the binomial theorem valid for all numbers, extending Euler's result which had held only for rationals.