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The volumes of sexually dimorphic brain structures in transgender women were found to change and approximate typical female brain structures when exposed to estrogen concomitantly with androgen deprivation over a period of months, [31] suggesting that estrogen and/or androgens have a significant part to play in sex differentiation of the brain ...
Estrogen is associated with edema, including facial and abdominal swelling. Melanin. Estrogen is known to cause darkening of skin, especially in the face and areolae. [38] Pale skinned women will develop browner and yellower skin during pregnancy, as a result of the increase of estrogen, known as the "mask of pregnancy". [39]
Female body shape or female figure is the cumulative product of a woman's bone structure along with the distribution of muscle and fat on the body. Female figures are typically narrower at the waist than at the bust and hips .
Sexual differentiation includes development of different genitalia and the internal genital tracts and body hair plays a role in sex identification. [ 2 ] The development of sexual differences begins with the XY sex-determination system that is present in humans, and complex mechanisms are responsible for the development of the phenotypic ...
Estrogens have been used to limit final height in adolescent girls with tall stature. [69] They do this by inducing epiphyseal closure and suppressing growth hormone-induced hepatic production and by extension circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a hormone that causes the body to grow and increase in size. [69]
Steroid hormones have several effects on brain development as well as maintenance of homeostasis throughout adulthood. Estrogen receptors have been found in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, and frontal cortex, indicating the estrogen plays a role in brain development. Gonadal hormone receptors have also been found in the basal ...
Naysayers will cite a lack of research as a reason to not prescribe testosterone as a menopause treatment, but a growing body of research is finding little negative effect on breast tissue, the ...
Gynoid fat contributes toward the female body shape that girls begin to develop at puberty; it is stored in the hips, thighs and bottom. [7] This process is modulated by estrogen, the female sex hormone, causing the female form to store higher levels of fat than the male form, which is affected primarily by testosterone.