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2. Dilution refrigerator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_refrigerator

   A 3 He/ 4 He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The cooling power is provided by the heat of mixing of the helium-3 and helium-4 isotopes.

3. Refrigerator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator

   Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. The freezer-over-refrigerator style had been the basic style since the 1940s, until modern, side-by-side refrigerators broke the trend. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers.

4. Pulse tube refrigerator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigerator

   Figure 1 represents the Stirling-type single-orifice pulse-tube refrigerator (PTR), which is filled with a gas, typically helium at a pressure varying from 10 to 30 bar. From left to right the components are: a compressor, with a piston moving back and forth at room temperature T H

5. Cryogenics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics

   Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...

6. Natural refrigerant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_refrigerant

   Natural refrigerants are considered substances that serve as refrigerants in refrigeration systems (including refrigerators, HVAC, and air conditioning).They are alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) based refrigerants.

7. Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable...

   A trial of estimated financial energy cost of refrigerators alongside EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels online finds that the approach of labels involves a trade-off between financial considerations and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the many available options which are often unlabelled and don ...

8. Consumer electronics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics

   With the expansion of cookers, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, washing machines, radios, televisions, air conditioning, and microwave ovens, households have gained an escalating number of appliances. Despite the ubiquity of these goods, their diffusion is not well understood. Some types of appliances diffuse more frequently than others.

9. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and...

   Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent Ventilation duct with outlet diffuser vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a damper to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space.