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The VPAM scale as of 2009 runs from 1 to 14, with 1-5 being soft armor, and 6-14 being hard armor. [1] Tested armor must withstand three hits, spaced 120 mm (4.7 inches) apart, of the designated test threat with no more than 25 mm (0.98 inches) of back-face deformation in order to pass.
Ancient Greek weapons and armor were primarily geared towards combat between individuals. Their primary technique was called the phalanx , a formation consisting of massed shield wall, which required heavy frontal armor and medium-ranged weapons such as spears. [ 1 ]
The first evidence of their reappearance is in the 1230s or 1250s, most notably the depiction of Goliath in the Trinity College Apocalypse manuscript (c. 1230). [5] The lack of other evidence suggests that they were uncommon at the time. [6] Almost all greaves used at this time are known as schynbalds, or greaves that only protected the shin. [6]
The Bible provides a famous slinger account, the battle between David and Goliath from the First Book of Samuel 17:34–36, probably written in the 7th or 6th century BC, describing events that might have occurred c. 10th century BC. The sling, easily produced, was the weapon of choice for shepherds fending off animals.
The armor from Ai Khanoum included an integrated gorget to which the manica was attached, while the armor from Taxila may have been for the thigh. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Manica was known in Anatolia by at least the 2nd century BCE, as evidenced on a relief from the Temple of Athena at Pergamon . [ 8 ]
While the Borgward IV was armored, its armor was only 8mm in the A and B versions and 20mm in the C version, enough to protect it from small arms and splinters but inadequate to protect it from anti-tank rifles or light anti-tank guns. It was larger than the Goliath, which made it much easier to spot and target.
Descriptions of Goliath's immense stature vary among biblical sources, with the Masoretic Text describing him as 9 feet 9 inches (2.97 m) tall. [1] According to the text, Goliath issued a challenge to the Israelites , daring them to send forth a champion to engage him in single combat ; he was ultimately defeated by the young shepherd David ...
The d20 system, 3rd edition version of the Arms and Equipment Guide was printed in 2003 and was designed by Eric Cagle, Jesse Decker, Jeff Quick, and James Wyatt.Cover art was by Eric Peterson, with interior art by Dennis Cramer, David Day, David Martin, Scott Roller, and Sam Wood.