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The global framework for banking regulation and supervision, prepared by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, makes a distinction between three "pillars", namely regulation (Pillar 1), supervisory discretion (Pillar 2), and market discipline enabled by appropriate disclosure requirements (Pillar 3). [2] Bank licensing, which sets certain ...
ISBN 978-3-8443-8363-8. Eubanks, Walter W.; Division, Government and Finance (2006). The Basel Accords: The Implementation of II and the Modification of I. Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Han, Yicheng (2020). Historical Capital Regulation of Banks. Standards and Influence of Basel Accords. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-346 ...
Basel III requires banks to have a minimum CET1 ratio (Common Tier 1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets (RWAs)) at all times of: . 4.5%; Plus: A mandatory "capital conservation buffer" or "stress capital buffer requirement", equivalent to at least 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, but could be higher based on results from stress tests, as determined by national regulators.
During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, several banks, including the UK's Northern Rock and the U.S. investment banks Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers, suffered a liquidity crisis, due to their over-reliance on short-term wholesale funding from the interbank lending market.
Disclosure requirements; The third pillar requires the bank activities to be transparent to the general public. For this, the bank is supposed to release relevant financial data (financial statements etc.) in a timely fashion to the public, for example, through its webpage.
Banks' taxonomy disclosure have been integrated into "Pillar 3" disclosure requirements. [37] Banks will also have to disclose energy efficiency indicators on their mortgage portfolios. According to early estimates, EU banks had an average green asset ratio of 2.23%. [38]
Institutions are also required to create a formal policy on what will be disclosed and controls around them along with the validation and frequency of these disclosures. In general, the disclosures under Pillar 3 apply to the top consolidated level of the banking group to which the Basel II framework applies.
Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms, sometimes called the Basel III Endgame in the United States, [1] [2] Basel 3.1 in the United Kingdom, [3] or CRR3 in the European Union, [4] are additional changes to international standards for bank capital requirements that were agreed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in 2017 as part of Basel III, first published in 2010.