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Figure 1: Comparative Costs and Production Volumes For Processing of Plastics. The economics of plastics processing is determined by the type of process.Plastics can be processed with the following methods: machining, compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, extrusion, rotational molding, blow molding, thermoforming, casting, forging, and foam molding.
About half of the world's PVC production capacity is ... additional weight and minimal extra cost ... 800,000 tonnes per year of PVC by 2020 including 100,000 tonnes ...
The chairs cost approximately $3.50 to produce in 2011, making them both affordable and ubiquitous—in the billions [9] —worldwide. Numerous variants exist. [ 10 ] Their light weight and stackable design eases both their deployment and storage, even for large gatherings. [ 11 ]
The mercury-based technology is the main production method in China due to low price on coal from which acetylene is produced, [3] [2] with over 80% of national capacity as of 2018, even though the resulting PVC contains residues and is only suitable for low-end products like pipes. [15]
Hall originally wanted to make an innovative chair. His first prototype was a vinyl bag chair with 300 pounds (136 kg) of cornstarch. [13] Ultimately, he abandoned working on a chair, and settled on perfecting a bed. [14] Hall was granted a patent (#3,585,356) on his waterbed in 1971, which he originally called "liquid support for human bodies."
In the process, chlorine gas is decomposed into free radical chlorine which is then reacted with PVC in a post-production step, essentially replacing a portion of the hydrogen in the PVC with chlorine. Depending on the method, a varying amount of chlorine is introduced into the polymer allowing for a measured way to fine-tune the final properties.
PVC conduit has long been considered the lightest in weight compared to steel conduit materials, and usually lower in cost than other forms of conduit. [3] In North American electrical practice, it is available in thirteen different size and wall thicknesses, [ 4 ] with the thin-wall variety only suitable for embedded use in concrete, and ...
Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications.