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Sacrificial pseudoreplication (Figure 5b in Hurlbert 1984) occurs when means within a treatment are used in an analysis, and these means are tested over the within unit variance. In Figure 5b, the erroneous F-ratio will have 1 df in the numerator (treatment) mean square and 4 df in the denominator mean square (2-1 = 1 df for each experimental ...
Dogs during these stages are often informally referred to as being in heat. The length of these cycles varies greatly among breeds and even between individuals of the same breed. Proestrus and estrus can last anywhere from 5 days to 21 days. [5] 3. Diestrus is the period following mating. Diestrus lasts approximately 56 to 60 days in a pregnant ...
In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the process of repeating a study or experiment under the same or similar conditions. It is a crucial step to test the original claim and confirm or reject the accuracy of results as well as for identifying and correcting the flaws in the original experiment. [1]
"She must've been playing in or near a nest of tick larvae and was covered. I spent nearly an hour and a half picking off well over 100 minuscule baby ticks off of her."
Nesting behavior is an instinct in animals during reproduction where they prepare a place with optimal conditions to nurture their offspring. [1] The nesting place provides protection against predators and competitors that mean to exploit or kill offspring. [ 2 ]
Large mammals develop at an absolute slower rate compared to small mammals. Thus, the large mammal tend have longer gestation periods than small mammal as they tend to produce larger neonate. [32] Large mammals require a longer period of time to attain any proportion of adult mass compared to small mammals. [33]
Very precocial birds can be ready to leave the nest in a short period of time following hatching (e.g. 24 hours). Many precocial chicks are not independent in thermoregulation (the ability to regulate their body temperatures), and they depend on the attending parent(s) to brood them with body heat for a short time. Precocial birds find their ...
Pseudoreplication is defined as the use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or replicates are not statistically independent.