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Reverse discrimination is a term used to describe discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Reverse discrimination based on race or ethnicity is also called reverse racism .
Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination, [1] is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are forms of anti-white racism. [2]
In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (1973), the Supreme Court held that, in order to survive a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff alleging discrimination under Title VII must make a prima facie showing of discrimination, the first in a series of shifting burdens of proof known as McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting.
In 1974, the Jefferson County, Alabama Personnel Board signed a consent decree that required them to hire and promote African-American firefighters. Wilks, a white fireman, took issue with the agreement, claiming that he and other white firefighters (who were not parties to the original consent decrees signed in 1974) were more qualified than some of the black firefighters receiving promotions.
Before an employer can engage in intentional discrimination for the asserted purpose of avoiding or remedying an unintentional, disparate impact, the employer must have a strong basis in evidence to believe that it will be subject to disparate-impact liability if it fails to take the race-conscious, discriminatory action.
A 2017 poll found that 55% of white Americans believe that white people face discrimination. [118] A 2022 poll found that 64% of Republicans polled said white people experience a fair amount of hate or discrimination in society. [119] A 2023 YouGov poll found that of Trump 2020 voters, 73% say that racism against white Americans is a problem. [120]
Reverse sexism is a controversial term for discrimination against men and boys, or for anti-male prejudice. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Reverse sexism has been compared by sociologists to reverse racism and "reverse ethnocentrism " in that both are a form of backlash by members of dominant groups (e.g., men, whites, or Anglos ). [ 4 ]
Reverse psychology is often used on children due to their high tendency to respond with reactance, a desire to restore threatened freedom of action. Questions have, however been raised about such an approach when it is more than merely instrumental, in the sense that "reverse psychology implies a clever manipulation of the misbehaving child". [5]