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The United States Geological Survey estimates that 22 percent of the world's oil and natural gas could be located beneath the Arctic. [1]Russia's undiscovered petroleum is estimated between 67 billion tons of oil equivalent (BTOE) according to the United States Geological Survey and 142 BTOE according to the Russian Academy of Sciences (in 2011, the world consumed 13 BTOE of energy, 31% from ...
The Arctic resources race is the competition between global entities for newly available natural resources of the Arctic.Under the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, five nations have the legal right to exploit the Arctic's natural resources within their exclusive economic zones: Canada, Russia, Denmark, Norway, and the United States (though the U.S. has yet to ratify the treaty ...
The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός (arktikos), "near the Bear, northern" [4] and from the word ἄρκτος (arktos), meaning bear. [5] The name refers either to the constellation known as Ursa Major, the "Great Bear", which is prominent in the northern portion of the celestial sphere, or to the constellation Ursa Minor, the "Little Bear", which contains the celestial ...
The importance of the Arctic region is determined by its role in the global economy due to natural resources. The consumption of natural gas in the next 15 – 20 years will increase (even growing interest in alternative sources of energy ), the main reserves are concentrated in the Arctic zone (approximately 100 billion tons of fuel).
The goals stated in the United States Arctic Policy released in NSPD-66 on January 9, 2009, are as follows: Meet national security and homeland security needs relevant to the Arctic region; Protect the Arctic environment and conserve its biological resources; Ensure that natural resource management and economic development in the region are ...
Arctic vegetation is largely controlled by the mean temperature in July, the warmest month. Arctic vegetation occurs in the tundra climate, where trees cannot grow.Tundra climate has two boundaries: the snow line, where permanent year-round snow and ice are on the ground, and the tree line, where the climate becomes warm enough for trees to grow. [7]
The Far North is known for its extremely harsh climate. People who work there, other than the inmates of labor camps that constituted the Gulag system of the Soviet Union and the inmates of corrective labor colonies in present-day Russia, receive an extra grade of payment, referred to as the "Northern Bonus" (severnye nadbavki Russian: северные надбавки).
On the one hand, Arctic states are really concerned about safeguarding their rights over natural resources and sovereignty over territories, when dealing with environmental protection and cooperation for that aim. On the other hand, non-Arctic actors also showed considerable willingness to participate [4].