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In the first step, the reaction is only run to 10% to 15% conversion to prevent the second addition of a chlorine atom to the desired chlorobenzene. Despite this, the overall selectivity of the reaction is 70% to 85%. This second addition can be reversed using the Hooker modification, though it is also costly.
The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is the same as bromination of benzene. Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride become inactivated if they react with water, including moisture in the air. Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction:
Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to ...
Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C 6 H 5 Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. [6]
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. [1] When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated.
A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group. [1] The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is: C=C + X 2 → X−C−C−X (X represents the halogens bromine or chlorine, and in this case, a solvent could be CH 2 ...
An addition reaction is limited to chemical compounds that have multiple bonds. Examples include a molecule with a carbon–carbon double bond (an alkene ) or a triple bond (an alkyne ). Another example is a compound that has rings (which are also considered points of unsaturation ).
Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C 7 H 5 ClO.It is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour, and consists of a benzene ring (C 6 H 6) with an acyl chloride (−C(=O)Cl) substituent.