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Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar. [5] [6] Treatment is based on the underlying cause. [4] Correcting hyponatremia too quickly can lead to complications. [5]
The first is dehydration along with low total body sodium. This is most commonly caused by heatstroke, burns, extreme sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea. [3] The second is low total body water with normal body sodium. This can be caused by diabetes insipidus, renal disease, hypothalamic dysfunction, sickle cell disease, and certain drugs. [3]
It is important to note that sudden restoration of blood volume to normal will turn off the stimulus for continued ADH secretion. Hence, a prompt water diuresis will occur. This can cause a sudden and dramatic increase in the serum sodium concentration and place the patient at risk for so-called "central pontine myelinolysis" (CPM). CPM is a ...
Diet and lifestyle can also play a part. "Very low levels of sodium in the body, extreme sleep deprivation, very low blood sugar or alcohol withdrawal can trigger sporadic seizures," says Shih ...
Unsuppressed ADH causes a physiologically inappropriate increase in solute-free water being reabsorbed by the tubules of the kidney to the venous circulation leading to hypotonic hyponatremia (a low plasma osmolality and low sodium levels). [2] The causes of SIADH are commonly grouped into categories including: central nervous system diseases ...
Hypoaldosteronism causes low sodium (hyponatremia), high potassium (hyperkalemia), and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces excess acid.These conditions are responsible for the symptoms of hypoaldosteronism, which include muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, irregular heartbeat, and abnormal blood pressure.
Losing fluids can lead to feelings of dehydration and dry mucous membrane. [4] [5] The second scenario that may lead to hyperchloremia is known as loss of hypotonic fluid which can be a direct result of loss of electrolyte fluid. Normally, water in the body is moving from an area of low ion concentration to an area of high ion concentration.
If the patient is institutionalised, monitoring of behaviour and serum sodium levels is necessary. In treatment-resistant polydipsic psychiatric patients, regulation in the inpatient setting can be accomplished by use of a weight-water protocol. [31] First, base-line weights must be established and correlated to serum sodium levels.