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Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine. Views where care has been taken to expose for a true lateral view without any rotation offer the best diagnostic quality. Retrolistheses are found most prominently in the cervical spine and lumbar region but can also be seen in the thoracic area.
Thus when X-ray findings are normal but SCI is still suspected due to pain or SCI symptoms, CT or MRI scans are used. [89] CT gives greater detail than X-rays, but exposes the patient to more radiation, [91] and it still does not give images of the spinal cord or ligaments; MRI shows body structures in the greatest detail. [10]
In children, a CT scan of the neck is indicated in more severe cases such as neurologic deficits, whereas X-ray is preferable in milder cases, by both US [4] and UK [5] guidelines. Swedish guidelines recommend CT rather than X-ray in all children over the age of 5. [6] In adults, UK guidelines are largely similar as in children. [5]
Otherwise a rigid cervical collar or surgery to immobilize the neck for three months is recommended. [2] If the MRI is abnormal surgery to hold the neck still may be carried out [2] Typically people should avoid further high risk activities for the next six months. [3] The use of corticosteroids is not generally recommended. [2] The condition ...
After age 50 or 60, osteoarthritic degeneration (spondylosis) or spinal stenosis are more likely causes of low back pain or leg pain. 4.8% of males and 2.5% of females older than 35 experience sciatica during their lifetime. Of all individuals, 60% to 80% experience back pain during their lifetime. In 14%, pain lasts more than two weeks.
Surgery appears to lead to better outcomes if symptoms continue after 3–6 months of conservative treatment. [30] Laminectomy is the most effective of the surgical treatments. [ 26 ] In those who worsen despite conservative treatments surgery leads to improvement in 60–70% of cases. [ 7 ]
Lateral displacement is called lateral listhesis [4] or laterolisthesis. [ 5 ] A hangman's fracture is a specific type of spondylolisthesis where the second cervical vertebra (C2) is displaced anteriorly relative to the C3 vertebra due to fractures of the C2 vertebra's pedicles .
The constellation of symptoms caused by craniocervical instability is known as "cervico-medullary syndrome" [4] and includes: [5] [6] [7] Anxiety disorder; Bobble-head doll syndrome, a sensation that the skull may fall off the cervical spine; Clumsiness and motor delay; Cognitive and memory decline; Double or blurred vision; Dysphagia, or the ...