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Pinocytosis. In cellular biology, pinocytosis, otherwise known as fluid endocytosis and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small molecules dissolved in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane, resulting in their containment within a small vesicle inside the cell.
The vesicle then travels into the cytosol and fuses with other vesicles such as endosomes and lysosomes. [ 9 ] Phagocytosis is the process by which cells bind and internalize particulate matter larger than around 0.75 μm in diameter, such as small-sized dust particles, cell debris, microorganisms and apoptotic cells.
Microvilli (sg.: microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, [1] and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.
One key distinction between cellular processes and lamellipodia lies in the composition of their cytoskeletal elements. While cellular processes can be supported by any of the three major components of the cytoskeleton— microfilaments ( actin filaments ), intermediate filaments (IFs), or microtubules —, lamellipodia are primarily driven by ...
There are three different types of endosomes: early endosomes, late endosomes, and recycling endosomes. [2] They are distinguished by the time it takes for endocytosed material to reach them, and by markers such as Rabs. [3] They also have different morphology. Once endocytic vesicles have uncoated
Microvesicles and exosomes are formed and released by two slightly different mechanisms. These processes result in the release of intercellular signaling vesicles. Microvesicles are small, plasma membrane -derived particles that are released into the extracellular environment by the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane.
A general view during a presentation introducing the 2026 Milano-Cortina Winter Olympics during the closing ceremony for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games at Beijing National Stadium.
Vesicle fusion can occur in one of two ways: full fusion or kiss-and-run fusion. Fusion requires the two membranes to be brought within 1.5 nm of each other. For this to occur water must be displaced from the surface of the vesicle membrane. This is energetically unfavorable and evidence suggests that the process requires ATP, GTP and acetyl ...