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Alcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects since c. 7000–6600 BC. [21] Alcohol is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally, behind caffeine. [22] [23] Drinking alcohol is generally socially acceptable and is legal in most countries, unlike with many other recreational substances.
A diet high in alcohol can have the same effect, although in this case the nutrients at particular risk of deficiency are zinc, vitamin D, thiamine, folate, cyanocobalamin, and selenium. People with ALD also develop sarcopenia , but it is not clear if this is due to chronic low protein intake or the disease, which is known to inhibit muscle ...
Nutrition psychology is the psychological study of the relationship between dietary intake and different aspects of psychological health. It is an applied field that uses an interdisciplinary approach to examine the influence of diet on mental health. [ 1 ]
There are three principal classes of macronutrients: carbohydrate, protein and fat. [1] Macronutrients are defined as a class of chemical compounds which humans consume in relatively large quantities compared to vitamins and minerals which provide humans with energy.
Cholesterol is an unsaturated alcohol commonly found in eggs, meat, and dairy. Studies on dietary cholesterol have indicated both positive and negative effects on global cognitive functioning. [ 4 ] However, the adverse cognitive effects of cholesterol consumption appear to be reduced when combined with physical activity, which influences ...
The relationship between alcohol consumption and body weight is the subject of inconclusive studies. Findings of these studies range from increase in body weight to a small decrease among women who begin consuming alcohol. [1] [2] Some of these studies are conducted with numerous subjects; one involved nearly 8,000 and another 140,000 subjects.
Alcohol can cause nausea and vomiting in sufficiently high amounts (varying by person). Alcohol stimulates gastric juice production, even when food is not present, and as a result, its consumption stimulates acidic secretions normally intended to digest protein molecules. Consequently, the excess acidity may harm the inner lining of the stomach.
Alcohol is also converted into phosphatidylethanol (PEth, an unnatural lipid metabolite) by phospholipase D2. This metabolite competes with PIP 2 agonist sites on lipid-gated ion channels. [28] [29] The result of these direct effects is a wave of further indirect effects involving a variety of other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. [25]