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In that case, the charge of an ion could be written as =. The charge number in chemistry normally relates to an electric charge. This is a property of specific subatomic atoms. These elements define the electromagnetic contact between the two elements. A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table.
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
Each electron is said to experience less than the actual nuclear charge, because of shielding or screening by the other electrons. For each electron in an atom, Slater's rules provide a value for the screening constant, denoted by s, S, or σ, which relates the effective and actual nuclear charges as
The diffusion coefficient for a charge carrier is related to its mobility by the Einstein relation. For a classical system (e.g. Boltzmann gas), it reads: = where: k B is the Boltzmann constant; T is the absolute temperature; e is the electric charge of an electron
The effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of the atom. Most of the physical and chemical properties of the elements can be explained on the basis of electronic configuration.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.
For example, chlorine (element 17), with electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5, has 17 protons and 10 inner shell electrons (2 in the first shell, and 8 in the second) so: Core charge = 17 − 10 = +7. A core charge is the net charge of a nucleus, considering the completed shells of electrons to act as a 'shield.'