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Geologic Map of West Virginia. West Virginia's geologic history stretches back into the Precambrian, and includes several periods of mountain building and erosion. At times, much of what is now West Virginia was covered by swamps, marshlands, and shallow seas, accounting for the wide variety of sedimentary rocks found in the state, as well as its wealth of coal and natural gas deposits.
West Virginia is situated in the Appalachian Mountains of the Upper South region of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Eastern United States, West Virginia is bounded on the northeast by Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the southeast by Virginia, on the northwest by Ohio, and on the southwest by Kentucky.
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Springs of West Virginia by Paul H. Price, John B. McCue & Homer A. Hoskins, 1936. 146 pages describing the geology, history and chemistry of 176 springs in West Virginia. Springs of West Virginia 50th Anniversary Revised Edition by Jane S. McColloch, 1986. 493 pages describing the geology, history and chemistry of 1193 springs in West Virginia.
The name derives from the Greenbrier River in West Virginia. Greenbrier Limestone is in some places more than 400 feet (120 metres) thick, allowing it to trap large quantities of oil and gas. Since this carbonate rock erodes quickly in the region's wet climate, outcrops are not prominent and are often quarried.
Largest cave in West Virginia. Shavers Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand: 1974 Randolph: Federal An old-growth stand of red spruce and hemlock trees. Part of Monongahela National Forest. Sinnett-Thorn Mountain Cave System: 1973 Pendleton: Private Cave system with waterfalls and deep pits.
The West Virginia Department of Agriculture is managed by the agriculture commissioner, an elected official operating independently of the governor's authority. Kent Leonhardt has served as the commissioner of the department since January 2017.
West Virginia ranked 48th in the CNBC "Top States for Business 2013" based on measures of competitiveness such as economy, workforce and cost of living—ranking among the bottom five states for the last six years running. [139] West Virginia ranked 49th in the 2014 State New Economy Index and has ranked in the bottom three states since 1999.