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The Three Obediences and Four Virtues (Chinese: 三 從 四 德; pinyin: Sāncóng Sìdé; Vietnamese: Tam tòng, tứ đức) is a set of moral principles and social code of behavior for maiden and married women in East Asian Confucianism, especially in ancient and imperial China. Women were to obey their fathers, husbands, and sons, and to be ...
Song Ruozhao (Chinese: 宋若昭; 761–828) was a Chinese Confucian scholar, poet and imperial official of the Tang dynasty (618–906). Her extant works include one poem, a short fiction story and her annotation to her sister's work: Analects for Women, a book about the proper roles and code of conduct for women, and a biography of Niu Yingzhen.
A woman pushing a baby carriage, late Tang dynasty, Mogao caves 156 Ceramic models of Tang women playing polo and wearing trousers. The Tang dynasty has been described as a golden age for women, in contrast to the Neo-Confucianism of the later Song dynasty that saw practices like foot-binding, widow suicide, and widow chastity become socially ...
The Analects was considered secondary as it was thought to be merely a collection of Confucius's oral "commentary" (zhuan) on the Five Classics. [ 22 ] The political importance and popularity of Confucius and Confucianism grew throughout the Han dynasty, and by the Eastern Han the Analects was widely read by schoolchildren and anyone aspiring ...
Within the Legalist Confucian tradition, "shame" was considered the more effective means of controlling the behaviour of the population, as opposed to punishment, as it allowed individuals to recognise their transgression and engage in self-improvement. [3] In some renderings of the principles, the concept of chi is replaced with honour (耻 ...
Confucius was educated at schools for commoners, where he studied and learned the Six Arts. [21] Confucius was born into the class of shi (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to ...
In later dynasties, a number of women took advantage of the Confucian acknowledgment of education to become independent in thought. [ 137 ] Joseph A. Adler points out that "Neo-Confucian writings do not necessarily reflect either the prevailing social practices or the scholars' own attitudes and practices in regard to actual women."
Traditionally, it was thought that Confucius himself had compiled or edited the texts of the Five Classics. The scholar Yao Xinzhong allows that there are good reasons to believe that Confucian classics took shape in the hands of Confucius, but that "nothing can be taken for granted in the matter of the early versions of the classics."