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  2. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [23] A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are nine types: [16] Boolean values, representing true or false; Real numbers ...

  3. Document file format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_file_format

    HTML is the most used and open international standard and it is also used as document file format. It has also become ISO / IEC standard (ISO 15445:2000). The default binary file format used by Microsoft Word ( .doc ) has become widespread de facto standard for office documents, but it is a proprietary format and is not always fully supported ...

  4. Formal language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language

    Structure of the syntactically well-formed, although thoroughly nonsensical, English sentence, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" (historical example from Chomsky 1957) In logic , mathematics , computer science , and linguistics , a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to ...

  5. Native and foreign format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_and_foreign_format

    Most likely this is also the default format of the application. A native file format therefore most likely has a one to one relationship with the applications features. In turn, a foreign format is not a true reflection of application internals, even though it may be supported by an application. To read a foreign file causes translation of data ...

  6. Information structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_structure

    In linguistics, information structure, also called information packaging, describes the way in which information is formally packaged within a sentence. [1] This generally includes only those aspects of information that "respond to the temporary state of the addressee's mind", and excludes other aspects of linguistic information such as references to background (encyclopedic/common) knowledge ...

  7. Thesaurus (information retrieval) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information...

    A thesaurus is composed by at least three elements: 1-a list of words (or terms), 2-the relationship amongst the words (or terms), indicated by their hierarchical relative position (e.g. parent/broader term; child/narrower term, synonym, etc.), 3-a set of rules on how to use the thesaurus.

  8. Logic translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_translation

    For example, translating the sentence "all skyscrapers are tall" as (() ()) is a logic translation that expresses an English language sentence in the logical system known as first-order logic. The aim of logic translations is usually to make the logical structure of natural language arguments explicit.

  9. Formal grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar

    Formal language theory, the discipline that studies formal grammars and languages, is a branch of applied mathematics. Its applications are found in theoretical computer science, theoretical linguistics, formal semantics, mathematical logic, and other areas. A formal grammar is a set of rules for rewriting strings, along with a "start symbol ...