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The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
The clinician must choose the possible responses to each question by interviewing the patient and by observing the patient's symptoms. Designed by psychiatrist Max Hamilton in 1960, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is one of the two most commonly used among those completed by clinicians and researchers in assessing the effects of drug therapy.
Norman E. Rosenthal is an American author, psychiatrist and scientist who first described seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and developed light therapy as a treatment. Rosenthal was born and educated in South Africa but moved to the United States to complete his medical training.
Light therapy is preferred over antidepressants in the treatment of SAD because it is a relatively safe and easy therapy. [20] Two methods of light therapy, bright light and dawn simulation, have similar success rates in the treatment of SAD. [21] It is possible that response to light therapy for SAD could be season dependent. [22]
According to Beck's publisher, 'When Beck began studying depression in the 1950s, the prevailing psychoanalytic theory attributed the syndrome to inverted hostility against the self.' [3] By contrast, the BDI was developed in a novel way for its time; by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and then using these to structure a scale which could reflect the intensity or ...
Each item yields a score of 0 to 6; the overall score thus ranges from 0 to 60. [4] Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression. Usual cutoff points are: 0 to 6: normal [5] /symptom absent [4] 7 to 19: mild depression [4] [5] 20 to 34: moderate depression [5] 35 to 60: severe depression. [5]
Light therapy has been shown in studies to have mixed results; in some studies, 20% to 50% of those diagnosed with SAD did not gain adequate relief from the use of light therapy. [22] Individuals may also explore alternative treatments if they are unable to commit to the time required and the recurrence of the treatment that is necessary. [23]
To measure treatment outcome the sum of the ten items is used. A higher score signifies deeper depression. When using the scale to diagnose depression according to ICD-10, there are the following possibilities: Mild depression: A score of 4 or 5 in two of the first three items. Plus a score of at least 3 on two or three of the last seven items.
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