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Durvalumab, [8] sold under the brand name Imfinzi, is an anti-cancer medication used for treatment of various types of cancer. [6] It was developed by Medimmune / AstraZeneca . [ 9 ] It is a human immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody that blocks the interaction of programmed cell death ligand 1 ( PD-L1 ).
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Equine drug testing is a form of drug testing applied to performance horses in regulated competition. Most common in racehorses, drug tests are also performed on horses in endurance riding and in international competition such as the Olympics and FEI-sanctioned competition.
Durvalumab is FDA approved for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma and unresectable non-small cell lung cancer after chemoradiation. [ 33 ] Cosibelimab (Unloxcyt) by Checkpoint Therapeutics is a PD-L1 inhibitor developed by Dana Farber, and was approved in the United States in December 2024 for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma .
The degree of these effects in horses after intramuscular injection has relatively little support in the current literature. [35] However, there is much anecdotal evidence of their benefits for synovitis and osteoarthritis, and PSGAGs are very commonly used by veterinarians in the United States involved in racehorse and show horse practice. [36]
Reducing the trigger effects will help with management of the animal. [6] In some cases a licensed veterinarian may prescribe tranquilizers if the horse is thrashing or nervous. This will help to keep the horse calm and provide some pain relief. Tranquilizers may also be advised to be used during training upon the horse returning to work. [1] [6]
Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) is a medication made up of antibodies used in the treatment of diphtheria. [1] [2] It is no longer recommended for prevention of diphtheria. [2] [3] It is administered through injection into a vein or muscle. [2] Side effects are common. [3] They include serum sickness and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. [2]
Horses cannot pass the disease among themselves; that is, one horse cannot contract the disease from another infected horse. The horse is a dead-end, or aberrant, host of the parasite. Although all horses are believed to be susceptible to EPM the disease is usually found in younger horses typically around three to six years of age. [2]