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Mapping of several bone diseases onto levels of vitamin D (calcidiol) in the blood [6] Normal bone vs. osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood, which is the most accurate measure of stores of vitamin D in the body.
The most specific screening test for vitamin D deficiency in otherwise healthy individuals is a serum 25(OH)D level. [11] Less common causes of osteomalacia can include hereditary deficiencies of vitamin D or phosphate (which would typically be identified in childhood) or malignancy.
Vitamin D 3 was shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Although a chemical nomenclature for vitamin D forms was recommended in 1981, [12] alternative names remain commonly used. [3] Chemically, the various forms of vitamin D are secosteroids, meaning that one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken. [13]
To prevent low bone density it is recommended to have sufficient calcium and vitamin D. [17] [18] Sufficient calcium is defined as 1,000 mg per day, increasing to 1,200 mg for women above 50 and men above 70. [18] Sufficient vitamin D is defined as 600 IUs per day for adults 19 to 70, increasing to 800 IUs per day for those over 71. [18]
The 2016 recommendations maintained 50 as the age when routine screening should begin. [14] In April 2024, The USPSTF lowered the recommended age to begin breast cancer screening. Citing rising rates of breast cancer diagnosis and substantially higher rates among Black women in the United States, the task force recommends screening mammograms ...
Calcifediol binds in the blood to vitamin D-binding protein (also known as gc-globulin) and is the main circulating vitamin D metabolite. [4] [5] Calcifediol has an elimination half-life of around 15 to 30 days. [4] [9] Calcifediol is further hydroxylated at the 1-alpha-position in the kidneys to form 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3, calcitriol.
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These two forms of vitamin D are metabolized in the liver and stored as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. [4] Before biological use, the storage form must be converted into an active form. One common active form is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. [4] The term vitamin D in this article means cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and the active forms ...
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