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IgM is the first immunoglobulin expressed in the human fetus (around 20 weeks) [46] and phylogenetically the earliest antibody to develop. [47] IgM antibodies appear early in the course of an infection and usually reappear, to a lesser extent, after further exposure. IgM antibodies do not pass across the human placenta (only isotype IgG). [48]
The typhidot test becomes positive within 2–3 days of infection and separately identifies IgM and IgG antibodies. The test is based on the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies to a specific 50Kd OMP antigen, which is impregnated on nitrocellulose strips. IgM shows recent infection whereas IgG signifies remote infection.
Both IgM and IgG antibodies bind strongly with their complementary antigens. IgG antibodies are most reactive at 37°C. IgM antibodies are easily detected in saline at room temperature as IgM antibodies are able to bridge between RBC's owing to their large size, efficiently creating what is seen as agglutination.
This differentiation of antibody classes is important as it allows for the distinction of a recent (IgM) from an old infection (IgG). The Widal test is positive if TO antigen titer is more than 1:160 in an active infection, or if TH antigen titer is more than 1:160 in past infection or in immunized persons. A single Widal test is of little ...
An individual with a chronic infection would test positive for HBsAg and total anti-HBc (IgM and IgG), but negative for IgM anti-HBc and anti-HBs. An individual who has successfully resolved their HBV infection will test negative for HBsAg, positive for anti-HBc, and may test negative or positive for anti-HBs, although most will test positive..
Regular and irregular antibodies are two main groups of antibodies when classified roughly on the timing and triggering event of antibody production.. Regular antibodies usually refer to the isohemagglutinins, directed against antigens of the ABO system.
Anti-dsDNA antibodies can be present in normal individuals, however these antibodies are usually low avidity IgM isotype. In contrast, pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies found in SLE are usually of IgG isotype and show high avidity for dsDNA. [15]
The anti-antibody can distinguish between human and nonhuman IgG. [8] Anti-Pan-Primate IgG [8F1] This is a recombinant monoclonal antibody to Pan-primate IgG. The antibody reacts to most primate IgG, including human IgG. The most important use of anti-Pan-primate is to quantify IgG in homogenates from macaque lungs and lymph nodes. [9]