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A Ziehl–Neelsen stain is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining. This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured carbol fuchsin that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as methylene blue .
The term "immunostaining" was originally used to refer to the immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections, as first described by Albert Coons in 1941. [1] However, immunostaining now encompasses a broad range of techniques used in histology, cell biology, and molecular biology that use antibody-based staining methods.
The H&E staining procedure is the principal stain in histology [3] [7] [2] [5] in part because it can be done quickly, [7] is not expensive, and stains tissues in such a way that a considerable amount of microscopic anatomy [9] [10] is revealed, [7] [5] [4] and can be used to diagnose a wide range of histopathologic conditions. [8]
Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. It may also be used to diagnose a fungal infection. [1] The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique in 1884. [2]
Ziehl–Neelsen stain (classic and modified bleach types) [5]; Kinyoun stain; For color blind people (or in backgrounds where detecting red bacteria is difficult), Victoria blue can be substituted for carbol fuchsin and picric acid can be used as the counter stain instead of methylene blue, and the rest of the Kinyoun technique can be used.
Hematoxylin staining shown as "basophilic" at top, seen with dual staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Haematoxylin stain is commonly followed (or counterstained) with another histologic stain, eosin. [10] [11] [1] When paired, this staining procedure is known as H&E staining, and is one of the most commonly used combinations in histology.
Immunohistochemistry can be performed on tissue that has been fixed and embedded in paraffin, but also cryopreservated (frozen) tissue.Based on the way the tissue is preserved, there are different steps to prepare the tissue for immunohistochemistry, but the general method includes proper fixation, antigen retrieval incubation with primary antibody, then incubation with secondary antibody.
Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma histopathology, PAS stain Esophageal candidiasis, PAS stain Liver in glycogen storage disease, PAS stain. PAS staining is mainly used for staining structures containing a high proportion of carbohydrate macromolecules (glycogen, glycoprotein, proteoglycans), typically found in e.g. connective tissues, mucus, the glycocalyx, and basal laminae.