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For most patients, a GFR over 60 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) is adequate. But significant decline of the GFR from a previous test result can be an early indicator of kidney disease requiring medical intervention. The sooner kidney dysfunction is diagnosed and treated the greater odds of preserving remaining nephrons, and preventing the need for dialysis.
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage. This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine. Complications may include blood clots, infections, and high blood pressure. [1]
[27] [30] Medical imaging of the kidneys, generally by ultrasonography, is recommended as part of a differential diagnosis if there is suspicion of urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, kidney stones or polycystic kidney disease. [31] Conformation kidney biopsy should only be performed if non-diabetic kidney disease is suspected.
The term "non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease" (NDD-CKD) is a designation used to encompass the status of those persons with an established CKD who do not yet require the life-supporting treatments for kidney failure known as kidney replacement therapy (RRT, including maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation).
Symptoms can vary from person to person. Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur. When the kidneys fail to filter properly, waste accumulates in the blood and the body, a condition called azotemia. Very low levels of azotemia may produce few, if any, symptoms.
Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. [2] Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. [2] Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure. [3] It is typically due to a bacterial infection, most commonly Escherichia coli. [2]
An overactive bladder can result from hormonal issues, too, such as genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Kim said, which is a collection of symptoms caused by decreased estrogen levels.
Chronic kidney disease is defined as prolonged kidney abnormalities (functional and/or structural in nature) that last for more than three months. [1] Acute kidney disease is now termed acute kidney injury and is marked by the sudden reduction in kidney function over seven days.