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MPLS VPN is a family of methods for using Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) to create virtual private networks (VPNs). MPLS VPN is a flexible method to transport and route several types of network traffic using an MPLS backbone. There are three types of MPLS VPNs deployed in networks today: 1. Point-to-point 2. Layer 2 (VPLS) 3.
MPLS LSPs provide dynamic, transparent virtual networks with support for traffic engineering, the ability to transport layer-3 (IP) VPNs with overlapping address spaces, and support for layer-2 pseudowires using Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) [29] that are capable of transporting a variety of transport payloads (IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Frame ...
Two routers with an established session are called LDP peers and the exchange of information is bi-directional. LDP is used to build and maintain label-switched path (LSP) databases that are used to forward traffic through MPLS networks. LDP can be used to distribute the inner label (VC/VPN/service label) and outer label (path label) in MPLS.
Signalling is the process of establishing pseudowires (PW). The PWs constitute the "data plane", whereby PEs send customer VPN/VPLS traffic to other PEs. BGP provides both auto-discovery and signalling. The mechanisms used are very similar to those used in establishing Layer-3 MPLS VPNs. Each PE is configured to participate in a given VPLS.
IP VPN is most commonly deployed across an MPLS backbone as the inherent labeling of packets in MPLS lends itself to the identification of the customer VRF. Some IP VPN implementations (notably Nortel's IP-VPN Lite) use a simpler IP-in-IP encapsulation over a pure IP backbone, eliminating the need to maintain and support an MPLS environment.
Provider provisioned VPN. A provider-provisioned VPN (PPVPN) is a virtual private network (VPN) implemented by a connectivity service provider or large enterprise on a network they operate on their own, as opposed to a "customer-provisioned VPN" where the VPN is implemented by the customer who acquires the connectivity service on top of the technical specificities of the provider.
Penultimate hop popping (PHP) is specified in RFC 3031 Section 3.16 and is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network.It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a label switch router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent label edge router (LER).
The limited deployment of IP Multicast, a best-effort network layer multicast protocol, has led to considerable interest in alternate approaches that are implemented at the application layer, using only end-systems. In an overlay or end-system multicast approach, participating peers organize themselves into an overlay topology for data delivery.