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  2. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    Lewis structure of a water molecule. Lewis structures – also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

  3. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    This orbital is not participating in covalent bonding; it is electron-rich, which results in a powerful dipole across the whole ammonia molecule. Resonance Lewis structures of the ozone molecule. In ozone (O 3) molecules, the two O−O bonds are nonpolar (there is no electronegativity difference between atoms of the same element).

  4. Ammonium chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride

    Ammonium chloride is used in a ~5% aqueous solution to work on oil wells with clay swelling problems. Other uses include in hair shampoo, in the glue that bonds plywood, and in cleaning products. In hair shampoo, it is used as a thickening agent in ammonium-based surfactant systems such as ammonium lauryl sulfate. Ammonium chloride is used in ...

  5. Electron pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_pair

    Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916. [1] [2] MO diagrams depicting covalent (left) and polar covalent (right) bonding in a diatomic molecule. In both cases a bond is created by the formation of an electron pair.

  6. Chemical bonding of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bonding_of_water

    Lewis Structure of H 2 O indicating bond angle and bond length. Water (H 2 O) is a simple triatomic bent molecule with C 2v molecular symmetry and bond angle of 104.5° between the central oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms.

  7. Covalent bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond

    In organic chemistry, covalent bonding is much more common than ionic bonding. Covalent bonding also includes many kinds of interactions, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agostic interactions, bent bonds, three-center two-electron bonds and three-center four-electron bonds. [2] [3] The term covalent bond dates from 1939 ...

  8. Bent molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry

    Water (H 2 O) is an example of a bent molecule, as well as its analogues. The bond angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 104.45°. [ 1 ] Nonlinear geometry is commonly observed for other triatomic molecules and ions containing only main group elements, prominent examples being nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dichloride (SCl 2 ...

  9. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Geometry of the water molecule with values for O-H bond length and for H-O-H bond angle between two bonds. Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that ...