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The end results of reflux nephropathy can include high blood pressure, excessive protein loss in the urine, and eventually kidney failure. When reflux nephropathy is suspected as a cause of kidney disease, other conditions to consider include chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy, and analgesic overuse.
Gout presenting as slight redness in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. Gout can present in several ways, although the most common is a recurrent attack of acute inflammatory arthritis (a red, tender, hot, swollen joint). [4] The metatarsophalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is affected most often, accounting for half of cases ...
A gout flare comes on suddenly, and symptoms are often intense. This will most commonly happen at night. Gout in foot joints is most common, with gout often affecting the big toe joint.
Nephritis can often be caused by infections and toxins, but it is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys. [5]Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney.
This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia). [8] [10] Signs and symptoms that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include: Hematuria (red blood cells in the urine) [11]
Reflux also increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections, so testing for reflux may be performed after a child has one or more infections. In infants, the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include only fever and lethargy , with poor appetite and sometimes foul-smelling urine, while older children typically present ...
Unless high blood levels of uric acid are determined in a clinical laboratory, hyperuricemia may not cause noticeable symptoms in most people. [4] Development of gout – which is a painful, short-term disorder – is the most common consequence of hyperuricemia, which causes deposition of uric acid crystals usually in joints of the extremities, but may also induce formation of kidney stones ...
Analysis of the urine may show signs of urinary tract infection. Specifically, the presence of nitrite and white blood cells on a urine test strip in patients with typical symptoms are sufficient for the diagnosis of pyelonephritis, and are an indication for empirical treatment. Blood tests such as a complete blood count may show neutrophilia.