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The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant cat species in the genus Panthera.It has a pale yellowish to dark golden fur with dark spots grouped in rosettes.Its body is slender and muscular reaching a length of 92–183 cm (36–72 in) with a 66–102 cm (26–40 in) long tail and a shoulder height of 60–70 cm (24–28 in).
Leopards inhabiting the mountains of the Cape Provinces appear smaller and less heavy than leopards further north. [18] Leopards in Somalia and Ethiopia are also said to be smaller. [19] The skull of a West African leopard specimen measured 11.25 in (286 mm) in basal length, and 7.125 in (181.0 mm) in breadth, and weighed 1 lb 12 oz (0.79 kg).
Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae, and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae.It contains the largest living members of the cat family. There are five living species: the jaguar, leopard, lion, snow leopard and tiger.
The snow leopard shows several adaptations for living in cold, mountainous environments. Its small rounded ears help to minimize heat loss, and its broad paws effectively distribute the body weight for walking on snow. Fur on the undersides of the paws enhances its grip on steep and unstable surfaces, and helps to minimize heat loss.
The Leopard of the Caucasus, illustration by Joseph Smit, 1899. Felis tulliana was the scientific name proposed by Achille Valenciennes in 1856, who described a skin and skull from a leopard killed near Smyrna, in western Anatolia. [2] In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described leopard zoological specimens from the Middle East:
The Zanzibar leopard was described as a leopard subspecies by Reginald Innes Pocock, who proposed the scientific name Panthera pardus adersi in 1932. [6] Following molecular genetic analysis of leopard samples, it was subsumed to the African leopard (P. p. pardus) in 1996. [7] [8] However, some authors continue to use P. p. adersi. [9]
The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a leopard subspecies confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2021. The population is estimated at 188–571 mature individuals in 22 fragmented subpopulations and a declining population trend.
The leopard and snow leopard both hunt Himalayan tahr and musk deer, but the leopard usually prefers forested habitats located at lower elevations. [44] Leopard may conflict with sloth bears and can follow them up trees. [45] Bear cubs are probably far more vulnerable and healthy adult bears may be avoided by leopards.
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