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Summer or summertime is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn.At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice.
A season is a division of the year [1] based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun.
1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1 °F). [1] Summer temperatures in Europe were the coldest of any on record between 1766 and 2000, [ 2 ] resulting in crop failures and major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere .
The 2009 young-adult novel The Season by Sarah MacLean portrays a young woman entering her first London Season. Vincente Minnelli 's The Reluctant Debutante In the British period drama Downton Abbey the outspoken youngest daughter of the fictional Earl of Grantham , Lady Sybil, is presented as a debutante at court in London during her first season.
Articles relating to summer, the hottest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are longest and darkness hours are shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the ...
In the northern hemisphere, the longest break in the educational calendar is in the middle of the year, during the northern summer, and lasting up to 14 weeks. [6] In Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia, summer holidays typically last three months, compared to six to eight weeks in Britain, the Netherlands, and Germany.
Aestivation (Latin: aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. [ 1 ]
Students score lower on standardised maths tests at the end of the summer, as compared to their own performance on the same tests at the beginning of summer. [11] This loss was most acute in factual and procedural learning such as mathematical computation, where an average setback of more than two months of grade-level equivalency was observed among both middle- and lower-class students.