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The Swiss Confederation is a semi-direct democracy (representative democracy with strong instruments of direct democracy). [28] The nature of direct democracy in Switzerland is fundamentally complemented by its federal governmental structures (in German also called the Subsidiaritätsprinzip ).
The landmark judgments on the direct effect of Directives are Van Duyn v Home Office, [8] which established vertical direct effect of Directives, and Marshall v Southampton Health Authority, [9] which established that there is no horizontal direct effect of unimplemented directives. The horizontal direct effect of Directives is a contentious issue.