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Pritchard was an early adopter of tunable lasers in physics and chemistry, demonstrating high-resolution spectroscopy through the simultaneous absorption of two laser photons. He employed both laser and radio-frequency spectroscopy to study weakly bound van der Waals molecules , such as NaNe [ 3 ] and KAr, [ 4 ] in cold supersonic molecular beams .
Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's second law to account for observed properties of galaxies. Its primary motivation is to explain galaxy rotation curves without invoking dark matter , and is one of the most well-known theories of this class.
The Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-tester is a quantum mechanics thought experiment that uses interaction-free measurements to verify that a bomb is functional without having to detonate it.
Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG) [1] is a modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. The theory is also often referred to by the acronym MOG ( MO dified G ravity ).
Doubly special relativity [1] [2] (DSR) – also called deformed special relativity or, by some [who?], extra-special relativity – is a modified theory of special relativity in which there is not only an observer-independent maximum velocity (the speed of light), but also an observer-independent maximum energy scale (the Planck energy) and/or a minimum length scale (the Planck length). [3]
The configuration space and the phase space of the dynamical system both are Euclidean spaces, i. e. they are equipped with a Euclidean structure.The Euclidean structure of them is defined so that the kinetic energy of the single multidimensional particle with the unit mass = is equal to the sum of kinetic energies of the three-dimensional particles with the masses , …,:
There are many useful features of the effective potential, such as . To find the radius of a circular orbit, simply minimize the effective potential with respect to , or equivalently set the net force to zero and then solve for : = After solving for , plug this back into to find the maximum value of the effective potential .
The Stern–Gerlach experiment was the first direct evidence of angular-momentum quantization in quantum mechanics, [23] and it strongly influenced later developments in modern physics: In the decade that followed, scientists showed using similar techniques, that the nuclei of some atoms also have quantized angular momentum. [ 20 ]