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The number of loops is always the number of common ancestors the parents have. If an individual is inbred, the coefficient of inbreeding is calculated by summing all the probabilities that an individual receives the same allele from its father's side and mother's side.
In population genetics, the Balding–Nichols model is a statistical description of the allele frequencies in the components of a sub-divided population. [1] With background allele frequency p the allele frequencies, in sub-populations separated by Wright's F ST F, are distributed according to independent draws from
If ¯ is the average frequency of an allele in the total population, is the variance in the frequency of the allele among different subpopulations, weighted by the sizes of the subpopulations, and is the variance of the allelic state in the total population, F ST is defined as [2]
The Hardy–Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving. Let's examine the Hardy–Weinberg equation using the population of four-o'clock plants that we considered above: if the allele A frequency is denoted by the symbol p and the allele a frequency denoted by q, then p+q=1.
then the allele frequency is the fraction of all the occurrences i of that allele and the total number of chromosome copies across the population, i/(nN). The allele frequency is distinct from the genotype frequency, although they are related, and allele frequencies can be calculated from genotype frequencies. [1]
For example, consider the probability of an offspring from the generation being homozygous dominant. Alleles are inherited independently from each parent. A dominant allele can be inherited from a homozygous dominant parent with probability 1, or from a heterozygous parent with probability 0.5.
The allele frequency spectrum can be written as the vector = (,,,,), where is the number of observed sites with derived allele frequency .In this example, the observed allele frequency spectrum is (,,,,), due to four instances of a single observed derived allele at a particular SNP loci, two instances of two derived alleles, and so on.
If the sample space of the Dirichlet distribution is interpreted as a discrete probability distribution, then intuitively the concentration parameter can be thought of as determining how "concentrated" the probability mass of the Dirichlet distribution to its center, leading to samples with mass dispersed almost equally among all components, i ...