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Plastic armour replaced the use of concrete slabs, which although expected to provide protection, were prone to cracking and breaking up when struck by armour-piercing bullets. Plastic armour was effective because the very hard particles would deflect bullets, which would then lodge between the plastic armour and the steel backing plate.
Pre-heated feed is sprayed into the base of the riser via feed nozzles where it contacts extremely hot fluidized catalyst at 1,230 to 1,400 °F (666 to 760 °C). The hot catalyst vaporizes the feed and catalyzes the cracking reactions that break down the high-molecular weight oil into lighter components including LPG, gasoline, and diesel.
Radicals formed on the polymer backbone by either hydrogen abstraction side-group elimination can cause the chain to break by beta scission. As a result the molecular weight decreases rapidly. As new free radicals with high reactivity are formed, monomers cannot be a product of this reaction, also intermolecular chain transfer and disproportion ...
Polymer degradation is the reduction in the physical properties of a polymer, such as strength, caused by changes in its chemical composition.Polymers and particularly plastics are subject to degradation at all stages of their product life cycle, including during their initial processing, use, disposal into the environment and recycling. [1]
Breaking is often accompanied by a sharp snapping sound. When used in materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail when there is little or no plastic deformation before failure. One proof is to match the broken halves, which should fit exactly since no plastic deformation has occurred.
Ratcheting is a significant effect to be considered to check permanent deformation in systems which undergoes a cyclic loading. Common examples of such repetitive stresses include sea waves, road traffic, and earthquakes. [ 8 ]
A constant fatigue life (CFL) diagram [34] is useful for the study of stress ratio effect. The Goodman line is a method used to estimate the influence of the mean stress on the fatigue strength. A Constant Fatigue Life (CFL) diagram is useful for stress ratio effect on S-N curve. [35]
In biochemistry, the process of breaking down large molecules by splitting their internal bonds is catabolism. Enzymes which catalyse bond cleavage are known as lyases , unless they operate by hydrolysis or oxidoreduction , in which case they are known as hydrolases and oxidoreductases respectively.