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Vectors utilized as the method for gene delivery can be divided into two categories, recombinant viruses and synthetic vectors (viral and non-viral). [2] [5] In complex multicellular eukaryotes (more specifically Weissmanists), if the transgene is incorporated into the host's germline cells, the resulting host cell can pass the transgene to its ...
The use of non-viral vectors avoids many, but not all, of the defenses that cells employ against vectors. Plasmids, the circular DNAs shown in Fig. 1, are generally used for non-viral gene delivery. However, there are two major problems with most methods for delivering DNA to cellular chromosomes using plasmids, the most common form of non ...
Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing vectors to target cells in the body. [1] Magnetofection has been adapted to a variety of vectors, including nucleic acids, non-viral transfection systems, and viruses.
Hydrodynamic Delivery was developed as a way to insert genes without viral infection (transfection). The procedure requires a high-volume DNA solution to be inserted into the veins of the rodent using a high-pressure needle. [2] The volume of the DNA is typically 8-10% equal to 8-10% of the animal's body weight, and is injected within 5-7 seconds.
How vectors work to transfer genetic material. Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).
In more recent years, startups such as Sixfold Bio, GenEdit, and Spotlight Therapeutics have begun to solve the non-viral gene delivery problem. Non-viral techniques offer the possibility of repeat dosing and greater tailorability of genetic payloads, which in the future will be more likely to take over viral-based delivery systems.
In 2004, it was proposed that non-viral episomes might be used in genetic therapy for long-term change in gene expression. [2] As of 1999, there were many known sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that allow a standard plasmid to become episomally retained. One example is the S/MAR sequence. [3]
There are currently several ongoing clinical studies of gene electrotransfer [31] where safety, tolerability and effectiveness of immunization with DNA vaccine, which is administered by the electric pulses is monitored. Although the method is not systemic, but strictly local one, it is still the most efficient non-viral strategy for gene delivery.