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The time course of spontaneous mutation frequency from middle to late adulthood was measured in four different tissues of the mouse. [8] Mutation frequencies in the cerebellum (90% neurons) and male germ cells were lower than in liver and adipose tissue.
The availability of hundreds of mutations affecting almost every tissue and aspect of development. Mice may not be an ideal model for breast cancer. This is mainly due to the lack of precision in many of the models. When looking at metastasis, it is difficult to determine the precise location as well as its frequency.
The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1] In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations.
The shiverer mutation is an autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutation. It was generated by a 20-kilobase deletion within the MBP gene, [1] resulting in the failure of oligodendrocytes to form compact myelin in the central nervous system. Axons in shiverer mice fail to attain a normal diameter and exhibit altered cytoskeleton structure. [2]
Conditional/inducible mutation approaches are then required that first allow the mouse to develop and mature normally prior to ablation of the gene of interest. Another serious limitation is a lack of evolutive adaptations in knockout model that might occur in wild type animals after they naturally mutate.
A popular idea, that has failed to gain significant experimental support, is the idea that mutation, as distinct from DNA damage, is the primary cause of aging. Mice defective in the mutL homolog Pms2 have about a 100-fold elevated mutation frequency in all tissues, but do not appear to age more rapidly. [38]
Trinucleotide repeat expansion, is a DNA mutation that is responsible for causing any type of disorder classified as a trinucleotide repeat disorder. These disorders are progressive and affect the sequences of the human genome, frequently within the nervous system.
A mouse-human hybrid is a genetically modified mouse whose genome has both mouse and human genes, thus being a murine form of a human-animal hybrid. For example, genetically modified mice may be born with human leukocyte antigen genes in order to provide a more realistic environment when introducing human white blood cells into them in order to ...