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Andreev reflection, named after the Russian physicist Alexander F. Andreev, is a type of particle scattering which occurs at interfaces between a superconductor (S) and a normal state material (N). It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to supercurrent in S.
Diagram of Andreev reflection. An electron meeting the interface between a normal conductor and a superconductor produces a Cooper pair in the superconductor and a retroreflected electron hole in the normal conductor. Legend: "N" = normal conductor, "S" = superconductor, red = electron, green = hole. Arrows indicate the spin band occupied by ...
Plot showing superconducting electron density versus depth in normal and superconducting layers with two coherence lengths, and .. Proximity effect or Holm–Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor.
In type-1.5 superconductors these vortices have long-range attractive, short-range repulsive interaction. As a consequence a type-1.5 superconductor in a magnetic field can form a phase separation into domains with expelled magnetic field and clusters of quantum vortices which are bound together by attractive intervortex forces.
The table below shows some of the parameters of common superconductors.X:Y means material X doped with element Y, T C is the highest reported transition temperature in kelvins and H C is a critical magnetic field in tesla.
Phase diagram (B, T) of a type I superconductor : if B < B c, the medium is superconducting. T c is the critical temperature of a superconductor when there is no magnetic field. The interior of a bulk superconductor cannot be penetrated by a weak magnetic field, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. When the applied magnetic field becomes ...
Flux pinning is a phenomenon that occurs when flux vortices in a type-II superconductor are prevented from moving within the bulk of the superconductor, so that the magnetic field lines are "pinned" to those locations. [1] The superconductor must be a type-II superconductor because type-I superconductors cannot be penetrated by magnetic fields. [2]
The superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) – also known as a superconductor–insulator–superconductor tunnel junction (SIS) – is an electronic device consisting of two superconductors separated by a very thin layer of insulating material. Current passes through the junction via the process of quantum tunneling.