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It is generally a good practice to convert it to {} format, but coherency must be respected; that is, such a conversion must be done in a whole article, or at least in a whole section. Moreover, such a conversion must be identified as such in the edit summary, and making other changes in the same edit should be avoided.
FORM has been the essential tool to calculate the higher-order QCD beta function. The mathematical structure of multiple zeta values has been researched with dedicated FORM programs. [2] The software package FormCalc which is widely used in the physics community to calculate Feynman diagrams is built on top of FORM.
The full expanded form of the Standard Model Lagrangian We can now give some more detail about the aforementioned free and interaction terms appearing in the Standard Model Lagrangian density . Any such term must be both gauge and reference-frame invariant, otherwise the laws of physics would depend on an arbitrary choice or the frame of an ...
A vortex tube is the surface in the continuum formed by all vortex lines passing through a given (reducible) closed curve in the continuum. The 'strength' of a vortex tube (also called vortex flux ) [ 11 ] is the integral of the vorticity across a cross-section of the tube, and is the same everywhere along the tube (because vorticity has zero ...
In mathematics, an extreme point of a convex set in a real or complex vector space is a point in that does not lie in any open line segment joining two points of . In linear programming problems, an extreme point is also called vertex or corner point of S . {\displaystyle S.} [ 1 ]
The time variable can be continuous (e.g. ) or discrete (e.g. ). In the latter case, the time variable is usually used instead of . Hybrid systems allow for time domains that have both continuous and discrete parts. Depending on the assumptions made, the state-space model representation can assume the following forms:
The principle of local Lorentz covariance, which states that the laws of special relativity hold locally about each point of spacetime, lends further support to the choice of a manifold structure for representing spacetime, as locally around a point on a general manifold, the region 'looks like', or approximates very closely Minkowski space ...
For an irrotational vortex, the flow at every point is such that a small particle placed there undergoes pure translation and does not rotate. Velocity varies inversely with radius in this case. Velocity will tend to at = that is the reason for center being a singular point. The velocity is mathematically expressed as –