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Learn about the different types of chemical bonds, such as covalent, ionic and metallic, and how they are formed and described by quantum theory. Find out the properties and examples of molecules and substances that result from various bonding mechanisms.
VSEPR theory is a model that predicts the arrangement of electron pairs around central atoms in molecules based on their number and repulsion. It uses the steric number, the degree of repulsion, and the lone pair effect to determine the optimal geometry, such as linear, trigonal, tetrahedral, or trigonal bipyramidal.
Learn how polarity is a separation of electric charge in molecules or chemical groups, and how it depends on electronegativity differences. Find out how to classify bonds as polar, nonpolar, or ionic, and how to measure bond dipole moments.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. Learn about the history, types, and structures of covalent bonds, and how they differ from ionic bonds and other interactions.
Polarizability is the tendency of matter to acquire an electric dipole moment in an electric field. Learn how polarizability affects dielectric constant, refractive index, molecular structure and crystallography, and how it varies with atomic and molecular size.
A lone pair is a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond. Learn how lone pairs affect molecular geometry, dipole moment, chirality, and metal coordination with examples and references.
Learn about the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, including bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and other geometrical parameters. Find out how molecular geometry is determined by spectroscopic methods, quantum chemistry methods and thermal excitation.
Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions. It accounts for many physical properties of metals, such as strength, ductility, thermal and electrical resistivity and conductivity, opacity, and lustre.