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In mathematics, a codomain or set of destination of a function is a set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or the image of a function. A codomain is part of a function f if f is defined as a ...
correlation. so that. where E is the expected value operator. Notably, correlation is dimensionless while covariance is in units obtained by multiplying the units of the two variables. If Y always takes on the same values as X, we have the covariance of a variable with itself (i.e. ), which is called the variance and is more commonly denoted as ...
The order in probability notation is used in probability theory and statistical theory in direct parallel to the big-O notation that is standard in mathematics.Where the big-O notation deals with the convergence of sequences or sets of ordinary numbers, the order in probability notation deals with convergence of sets of random variables, where convergence is in the sense of convergence in ...
The Kendall tau distance between two series is the total number of discordant pairs. The Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, which measures how closely related two series of numbers are, is proportional to the difference between the number of concordant pairs and the number of discordant pairs.
A predicate is a statement or mathematical assertion that contains variables, sometimes referred to as predicate variables, and may be true or false depending on those variables’ value or values. In propositional logic, atomic formulas are sometimes regarded as zero-place predicates. [1] In a sense, these are nullary (i.e. 0- arity) predicates.
In logic, the symbol ⊨, ⊧ or is called the double turnstile. It is often read as "entails", "models", "is a semantic consequence of" or "is stronger than". [1] It is closely related to the turnstile symbol , which has a single bar across the middle, and which denotes syntactic consequence (in contrast to semantic ).
In mathematical logic, the Cantor–Dedekind axiom is the thesis that the real numbers are order- isomorphic to the linear continuum of geometry. In other words, the axiom states that there is a one-to-one correspondence between real numbers and points on a line. This axiom became a theorem proved by Emil Artin in his book Geometric Algebra.
Amplitude-comparison monopulse refers to a common direction finding technique. This method is used in monopulse radar, electronic warfare and radio astronomy. Amplitude monopulse antennas are usually reflector antennas. [1] Illustration of sum-difference beams.