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The Confucian examination system in Vietnam was written in chữ Hán. It remained the official writing system of Vietnam until the 19th century with the exception of two brief periods under the Hồ (1400–1407) and Tây Sơn (1778–1802) dynasties when chữ Nôm gained ascendance. [3] [4]
In 1917, the French system suppressed Vietnam's Confucian examination system, viewed as an aristocratic system linked with the "ancient regime", thereby forcing Vietnamese elites to educate their offspring in the French language education system. Emperor Khải Định declared the traditional writing system abolished in 1918. [26]
Chữ Nôm (𡨸喃, IPA: [t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ nom˧˧]) [5] is a logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language.It uses Chinese characters to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including phono-semantic compounds. [6]
The writing system used for Vietnamese is based closely on the system developed by Alexandre de Rhodes for his 1651 Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. It reflects the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at that time, a stage commonly termed Middle Vietnamese (tiếng Việt trung đại).
The Vietnamese alphabet (Vietnamese: chữ Quốc ngữ, lit. ' script of the National language ', IPA: [t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ kuək̚˧˦ ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]) is the modern writing script for Vietnamese. It uses the Latin script based on Romance languages [6] originally developed by Portuguese missionary Francisco de Pina (1585–1625). [1]
Many fonts support a subset of the Latin writing system that omits much of the Vietnamese alphabet. Due to the high density of Vietnamese-specific characters in Vietnamese text, Web browsers that implement font substitution reliably produce a ransom note effect when the webpage specifies an inadequate font.
Lệnh thư (chữ Hán: 令書; 'edict script') [3] [4] is a writing style for Chinese characters and chữ Nôm in Vietnamese calligraphy.It was first developed during the Revival Lê dynasty. [5]
Vietnamese literature (Vietnamese: Văn học Việt Nam) is the literature, both oral and written, ... the former writing system for the Vietnamese language.