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Kroto and the Rice team already discovered other fullerenes besides C 60, [17] and the list was much expanded in the following years. Carbon nanotubes were first discovered and synthesized in 1991. [20] [21] After their discovery, minute quantities of fullerenes were found to be produced in sooty flames, [22] and by lightning discharges in the ...
Graphene oxide is usually produced through chemical exfoliation of graphite. A particularly popular technique is the improved Hummers' method . [ 219 ] Using paper-making techniques on dispersed, oxidized and chemically processed graphite in water, the monolayer flakes form a single sheet and create strong bonds.
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. [1]Isolated 2D crystals cannot be grown via chemical synthesis beyond small sizes even in principle, because the rapid growth of phonon density with increasing lateral size forces 2D crystallites to bend into the third dimension. [2]
Single-layer graphene was first unambiguously produced and identified in 2004, by the group of Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, though they credit Hanns-Peter Boehm and his co-workers for the experimental discovery of graphene in 1962; while it had been explored theoretically by P. R. Wallace in 1947.
Fullerene C 60. Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes. [1] [2] [3] Research in this field is driven by the need to functionalize fullerenes and tune their properties.
The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon which conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. These include the carbon nanotubes (or silicon nanotubes ) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties.
If they can be mass-produced economically, 13.2 litres (2.9 imp gal; 3.5 US gal) of CNT could contain the same amount of energy as a 50 litres (11 imp gal; 13 US gal) gasoline tank. [citation needed] CNTs can be used to produce nanowires of other elements/molecules, such as gold or zinc oxide.
Graphene is the only form of carbon (or solid material) in which every atom is available for chemical reaction from two sides (due to the 2D structure). Atoms at the edges of a graphene sheet have special chemical reactivity. Graphene has the highest ratio of edge atoms of any allotrope. Defects within a sheet increase its chemical reactivity. [1]